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RS 09是一种TLR4激动剂。RS 09在体外促进RAW264.7巨噬细胞的NF-κB核转位并诱导炎性细胞因子分泌。RS 09在体内起佐剂的作用；当在小鼠中用X-15-KLH给药时，RS 09增强了X-15特异性抗体血清浓度。

RS 09 is a TLR4 agonist. RS 09 promotes NF-κB nuclear translocation and induces inflammatory cytokine secretion in RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro. RS 09 acts as an adjuvant in vivo; RS 09 enhances X-15 specific antibody serum concentrations, when administered with X-15-KLH in mice.

RS09 2TFA是一种TLR4激动剂，是一种在体外促进NF-κB核转位并诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞分泌炎症细胞因子的佐剂。RS09增加了疫苗环境中抗体的产生。

RS09 2TFA, a TLR4 agonist, is an adjuvant that promotes NF-κB nuclear translocation and induces inflammatory cytokine secretion in RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro. RS09 increases antibody production in the vaccine environment.

RS09/Toll Like Receptor (TLR) 4 agonist – APPHALS\n\nToll Like Receptors (TLRs)\n\n\nToll Like Receptors (TLRs) are an important family of type I transmembrane Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) that play a key role in activating and linking the innate immune system to adaptive immunity, by sensing invading pathogens or endogenous damage signals. TLRs are expressed on sentinel cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, and there are ten functional receptors in human (TLR1–10) and twelve in mice (TLR1−9, 11−13).\n\nTLR4 and LPS recognition\n\n\nWhen TLRs are activated, they recruit specific adaptor proteins into the cytosol of immune cells. These adaptors act as messengers to activate transcription factors NF-κB and IRFs, which are the two major effectors of the Innate Immune Response (IIR).\n\nAmong membrane-based TLRs, TLR4 is well known for recognizing lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on myeloid cells surface. These cells express LY96 (or MD-2) and CD14 proteins at high level, which are used in collaboration with TLR4 to mediate signal transduction.\n\nTLR4 3D structure\n\nRecruitment of intracellular adaptor proteins requires dimerization of the TLR4/MD-2 complex, initiated by LPS binding to Lipopolysaccharide Binding Proteins (LBPs). This LPS-LBP complex will then be recognized by CD14 that will transfer LPS to MD-2, which is associated with TLR4 on the cell surface and without which LPS recognition by TLR4 would fail.\n\nRS09 agonist – APPHALS peptide\n\n\nAPPHALS peptide is an LPS agonist used as vaccine’s adjuvant to increase antibody production in-vivo. Nowadays, most of the vaccines are formulated with aluminum-based adjuvants that lead to various side effects. The aim of adjuvants being to catalyze innate immune response by stimulating the interactions between antigens and TLR proteins, new TLR agonists based on bacterial material appeared as natural candidate.\n\nlipopolysaccharide structure\n\nLPS being a key component of gram negative bacteria cell walls triggering TLR4 activation, the use of synthetic LPS peptides to mimic LPS-TLR4 interaction has emerged as a promising alternative adjuvant.

RS09/Toll Like Receptor (TLR) 4 agonist – APPHALS\n\nToll Like Receptors (TLRs)\n\n\nToll Like Receptors (TLRs) are an important family of type I transmembrane Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) that play a key role in activating and linking the innate immune system to adaptive immunity, by sensing invading pathogens or endogenous damage signals. TLRs are expressed on sentinel cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, and there are ten functional receptors in human (TLR1–10) and twelve in mice (TLR1−9, 11−13).\n\nTLR4 and LPS recognition\n\n\nWhen TLRs are activated, they recruit specific adaptor proteins into the cytosol of immune cells. These adaptors act as messengers to activate transcription factors NF-κB and IRFs, which are the two major effectors of the Innate Immune Response (IIR).\n\nAmong membrane-based TLRs, TLR4 is well known for recognizing lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on myeloid cells surface. These cells express LY96 (or MD-2) and CD14 proteins at high level, which are used in collaboration with TLR4 to mediate signal transduction.\n\nTLR4 3D structure\n\nRecruitment of intracellular adaptor proteins requires dimerization of the TLR4/MD-2 complex, initiated by LPS binding to Lipopolysaccharide Binding Proteins (LBPs). This LPS-LBP complex will then be recognized by CD14 that will transfer LPS to MD-2, which is associated with TLR4 on the cell surface and without which LPS recognition by TLR4 would fail.\n\nRS09 agonist – APPHALS peptide\n\n\nAPPHALS peptide is an LPS agonist used as vaccine’s adjuvant to increase antibody production in-vivo. Nowadays, most of the vaccines are formulated with aluminum-based adjuvants that lead to various side effects. The aim of adjuvants being to catalyze innate immune response by stimulating the interactions between antigens and TLR proteins, new TLR agonists based on bacterial material appeared as natural candidate.\n\nlipopolysaccharide structure\n\nLPS being a key component of gram negative bacteria cell walls triggering TLR4 activation, the use of synthetic LPS peptides to mimic LPS-TLR4 interaction has emerged as a promising alternative adjuvant.

RS 09 是一种合成多肽，疏水与极性残基比例均衡，决定结构柔性。其序列支持信号网络内互作基序定位；芳香族残基增强光谱表征。用于生化通路探索。

RS 09 is a synthetic peptide featuring a balanced composition of hydrophobic and polar residues that shape structural flexibility. Its sequence supports mapping of interaction motifs within signaling networks. Aromatic contributions enhance spectroscopic characterization. Researchers apply it in biochemical pathway exploration.

Arulkumaran Shanmugam,et al. Synthetic Toll Like receptor-4 (TLR-4) Agonist Peptides as a Novel Class of Adjuvants. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e30839. : https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22363498/