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降钙素（Elcatonin），亦称卡波降钙素，是鳗鱼降钙素的氨基琥珀酸类似物。降钙素具有相应天然肽激素的所有生物学特性。在1-7位N端位置，天然降钙素的二硫键被乙烯桥取代，使得降钙素在体内使用时具有更高的稳定性和极佳的耐受性。

Elcatonin, also known as carbocalcitonin, is the aminosuberic acid analog of eel calcitonin. Elcatonin has all the biological properties of the corresponding natural peptide hormone. The substitution of the disulfide bond of natural calcitonins with an ethylene bridge in 1-7 N-terminal position gives elcatonin greater stability and excellent tolerability when used in vivo.

(Des-Cys1,cyclo(Ser2-Asu7))-Calcitonin (eel)别名Elcatonin, (Asu1.7)-Calcitonin (eel)，是calcitonin (eel)的氨基辛酸类似物。它具有对应的天然calcitonin的所有生物学活性。通过使N段 1-7位置的氨基酸形成酰胺键环替换天然calcitonin二硫键环的方法，让elcatonin被用于体内研究的时候具有更强的稳定性和极好的耐受性。
 

Definition
Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone produced primarily by the parafollicular cells in humans and ultimobranchial body in many other animals1. It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Calcitonin is a product of the CALC1 gene and is initially produced as a precursor1.

Discovery
Calcitonin was purified in 1962 by Copp and Cheney2. While it was initially considered a secretion of the parathyroid glands, it was later identified as the secretion of the C-cells of the thyroid gland 3 .

Classification
CALC1 gene belongs to a superfamily of related protein hormone precursors that includes islet amyloid precursor protein, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and the precursor of adrenomedullin 4 .

Structural Characteristics
Human calcitonin is a 32 amino acid peptide and is formed from procalcitonin (Cleavage products: Calcitonin, Katalin and a protein fragment)5. It has an N-terminal disulphide bridge and a C-terminal proline amide residue, shown to potently inhibit bone resorption5. Alternative splicing of the gene coding for calcitonin produces a distantly related peptide of 37 amino acids, called calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) 5.

Mode of action
Calcitonin exerts its functions by binding to calcitonin receptor that is a G-protein coupled receptor. Upon binding, the receptor triggers the formation of cAMP, a second messenger which in turn activates various signaling pathways in the target cell (Eg: Osteoblasts) 6 .

Functions
Calcitonin is mainly involved in the metabolism of Ca and phosphorous in the cell. Calcitonin secretion is stimulated by rise in Ca levels in the body. It inhibits Ca intake by the intestine and also prevent loss of Ca from the bones during pregnancy and lactation7It also inhibits osteoclast activity in the bones8. This property of calcitonin is utilized for treatment of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis and recently has been tried for bone metastasis1.Procalcitonin is released during severe infection where it is involved in Ca homeostasis. It is also used as a marker for sepsis8.

References

1.     Inzerillo AM, Zaidi M, Huang CL (2004). Calcitonin: physiological actions and clinical applications. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab., 17(7), 931-40.

2.     Copp DH, Cheney B (1962). Calcitonin-a hormone from the parathyroid which lowers the calcium-level of the blood. Nature, 193, 381–2.

3.     Stevenson JC, Evans IM (1981). Pharmacology and therapeutic use of calcitonin. Drugs, 21(4), 257-72.

4.     Zaidi M, Inzerillo AM, Moonga BS, Bevis PJ, Huang CL (2002). Forty years of calcitonin--where are we now? A tribute to the work of Iain Macintyre, FRS, Bone, 30(5), 655-63.

5.     Andreotti G, Méndez BL, Amodeo P, Morelli MA, Nakamuta H, Motta A (2006). "Structural determinants of salmon calcitonin bioactivity: the role of the Leu-based amphipathic alpha-helix". J. Biol. Chem., 281 (34), 24193–203.

6.     Purdue BW, Tilakaratne N, Sexton PM (2002). Molecular pharmacology of the calcitonin receptor. Recept. Channels, 8 (3-4), 243–55.

7.     Woodrow JP, Sharpe CJ, Fudge NJ, Hoff AO, Gagel RF, Kovacs CS (2006). Calcitonin plays a critical role in regulating skeletal mineral metabolism during lactation. Endocrinology, 147(9), 4010-21.

8.     BalcI C, Sungurtekin H, Gürses E, Sungurtekin U, Kaptanoglu B (2003). Usefulness of procalcitonin for diagnosis of sepsis in the intensive care unit. Crit Care, 7 (1), 85–90

Definition

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide with potent receptor mediated vasodilatory and cardioexcitatory properties1.

Discovery

It was discovered when alternative processing of RNA transcripts from the calcitonin gene were shown to result in the production of distinct mRNAs encoding CGRP2. A human form of CGRP was isolated from thyroid tissue of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma3.

Classification

CGRP belongs to the regulatory-peptide family that also includes adrenomedullin and amylin4.

Structural Characteristics

CGRP consists of an amino-terminal disulphide bridge linked loop between amino acids 2 and 7 followed by alpha helix between amino acids 8 and 18 and a poorly defined turn between residues 19 and 215.  The carboxy and amino terminals of CGRP can interact independently with its receptors5.

Mode of action

CGRP exerts its function by binding to two G-protein coupled receptors, CGRP1 and CGRP2.  One of the major functions of CGRP is vasodilation of cardiac muscles5.  In order to achieve this, CGRP first binds to CGRP1 receptor which results in the production of cAMP which in turn activates Protein Kinase A (PKA)6.  PKA phosphorylates and opens potassium channels that cause relaxation of muscles6.

Functions

CGRP is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems5.  It produces vascular relaxation via binding to CGRP1 receptor5.  Studies in mice have shown that CGRP may play a role in controlling blood pressure5.  CGRP also protects tissue injury through its vasodilatory functions.  Through its activity as a vasodilator, CGRP influence the activity of inflammatory cells by recruiting more cells at the site of inflammation7.  CGRP plays a role in migraine as it is found that its levels raise during painful phases of the disease8.  CGRP plays a protective role in cardiac tissue.  The infusion of CGRP is beneficial in increasing cardiac output and lowering blood pressure in patients with congestive heart failure5.

References

1.     Tortorella C, Macchi C, Forneris M and Nussdorfer GG (2001). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), acting via CGRP type 1 receptors, inhibits potassium-stimulated aldosterone secretion and enhances basal catecholamine secretion from rat adrenal gland. Int. J Mol. Med., 8(3), 261-4.

2.     Amara SG, Jonas V, Rosenfeld MG, Ong ES and Evans RM (1982). Alternative RNA processing in calcitonin gene expression generates mRNAs encoding different polypeptide products. Nature, 298, 240–244.

3.     Aiyar N, Rand K, Elshourbagy NA, Zeng Z, Adamou JE, Bergsma DJ, and Li Y (1996). A cDNA encoding the Calcitonin Generelated peptide type 1 receptor. J Biol Chem., 271, 11325–11329.

4.     Bell D and McDermott BJ (1996). Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the cardiovascular system: characterization of receptor populations and their (patho)physiological significance. Pharmacol Rev., 48, 253–288.

5.     Susan DB and Andrew DG (2004). Vascular Actions of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Adrenomedullin. Physiol Rev., 84, 903-934.

6.     Hirata Y, Takagi Y, Takata S, Fukuda Y, Yoshimi H, and Fujita T (1988). Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor in cultured vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 151, 1113–1121.

7.     Lambrecht BN (2001). Immunologists getting nervous: neuropeptides, dendritic cells and T cell activation.  Respir Res., 2, 133–138.

8.     Durham, P (2006). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and migraine. Headache, 48: S3–8.