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GLP-1(9-36)amide TFA 是胰高血糖素样肽-1 (7-36)）amide 的主要代谢产物。GLP-1(9-36)amide TFA 是一种人胰腺 GLP-1 受体的拮抗剂。
GLP-1(9-36)amide TFA is a major metabolite of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide formed by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). GLP-1(9-36)amide TFA acts as an antagonist to the human pancreatic GLP-1 receptor[1][2].

 定义

胰高血糖素是众所周知的一种胰岛分泌的肽激素，它参与葡萄糖代谢的控制。

相关肽

胰高血糖素被合成为胰高血糖素，并经蛋白水解加工以在胰岛的α细胞内产生胰高血糖素。胰高血糖素原也在肠内表达，在那里它不被加工成胰高血糖素，而是被加工成胰高血糖素样肽家族。在胰腺和肠道中，都会产生三种类型的产品：

• 具有已知生物学活性的肽：胰高血糖素和胰高血糖素样肽1（GLP-1）
• 可能具有生物学活性，但表征不佳或仅在非生理浓度下才具有活性的肽：胰高血糖素样肽2（GLP-2）和胃泌酸调节素
• 没有明显生物学活性的肽：glicentin，与glicentin相关的胰肽，主要胰高血糖素原片段¹。

发现

胰高血糖素最初由罗切斯特大学的CP Kimball和John R. Murlin于1923年纯化。胰高血糖素的氨基酸序列在1950年代后期进行了描述²。

结构特征

胰高血糖素是由29个氨基酸组成的线性肽。它的主要序列在脊椎动物中几乎是完全保守的，并且在结构上与肽激素¹的促分泌素家族有关。

行动方式

胰高血糖素通过其在细胞表面的受体发出信号。胰高血糖素 与胰高血糖素受体的细胞外环的结合导致 后者的构象变化，从而导致随后的偶联的G蛋白的活化。 已知至少两类G蛋白 与胰高血糖素受体的信号转导有关并参与其中， 即G _s 和G _q。G _s 的激活导致 腺苷酸环化酶的激活，细胞内cAMP水平的增加，以及 随后蛋白激酶A（PKA）的激活。激活 的G _q导致磷脂酶C，生产的激活 肌醇1,4,5-三磷酸，并随后释放细胞内 钙³。

功能

• 胰高血糖素在葡萄糖代谢和体内平衡中起关键作用。通过增加糖异生和减少糖酵解来调节血糖。胰岛素的反调节激素可响应胰岛素诱导的低血糖而升高血浆葡萄糖水平。在引发和维持糖尿病的高血糖状况中起重要作用。
• GLP-1是葡萄糖依赖性胰岛素释放的有效刺激剂。在胃动力和血浆胰高血糖素水平的抑制中起重要作用。可能与胰岛素的作用无关地抑制饱腹感并刺激周围组织中的葡萄糖释放。对肠上皮具有促进生长的活性。还可能通过对LH，TSH，CRH，催产素和加压素分泌的影响来调节下丘脑垂体轴（HPA）。通过刺激胰岛新生和胰岛β细胞增殖来增加胰岛质量。抑制β细胞凋亡。
• GLP-2刺激小肠的生长并上调小肠的绒毛高度，同时伴有隐窝细胞增殖增加和肠细胞凋亡减少。从胃到结肠的胃肠道是GLP-2作用的主要靶标。在养分稳态，通过增强胃肠功能增强养分吸收以及增加养分处置方面起着关键作用。刺激肠内葡萄糖转运并降低粘膜通透性。
• 胃泌酸调节素可显着减少食物摄入。抑制人类的胃排空。抑制胃排空可导致胃扩张增加，这可能通过引起饱胀感而引起饱腹感。
• 庆大霉素可以调节胃酸分泌和胃-胃-十二指肠的活性。在生命早期可能对肠道粘膜的生长起重要作用⁴。

参考：
1.Kieffer TJ and Habener JF (1999).  The Glucagon-Like Peptides. Endocrine Reviews, 20 (6),  876-913

2.     Jiang G, Zhang BB (2003). Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab., 284(4), E671-8.

3.     Kimball CP, Murlin JR (1923). Aqueous extracts of pancreas. III. Some precipitation reactions of insulin. J. Biol. Chem., 58(1), 337

4.     Blache P, Kervran A, Bataille D (1988). Oxyntomodulin and glicentin: brain-gut peptides in the rat. Endocrinology, 123(6), 2782-7. 

Knudsen LB, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1-(9-36) amide is a major metabolite of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide after in vivo administration to dogs, and it acts as an antagonist on the pancreatic receptor. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996;318(2-3):429-435. : https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9016935/
Elahi D, et al. GLP-1 (9-36) amide, cleavage product of GLP-1 (7-36) amide, is a glucoregulatory peptide. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(7):1501-1509. : https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18421270/

多肽H2N-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-NH2的合成步骤：

1、合成MBHA树脂：取若干克的MBHA树脂（如初始取代度为0.5mmol/g）和1倍树脂摩尔量的Fmoc-Linker-OH加入到反应器中，加入DMF，搅拌使氨基酸完全溶解。再加入树脂2倍量的DIEPA，搅拌混合均匀。再加入树脂0.95倍量的HBTU，搅拌混合均匀。反应3-4小时后，用DMF洗涤3次。用2倍树脂体积的10%乙酸酐/DMF 进行封端30分钟。然后再用DMF洗涤3次，甲醇洗涤2次，DCM洗涤2次，再用甲醇洗涤2次。真空干燥12小时以上，得到干燥的树脂{Fmoc-Linker-MHBA Resin}，测定取代度。这里测得取代度为 0.3mmol/g。结构如下图：

2、脱Fmoc：取2.83g的上述树脂，用DCM或DMF溶胀20分钟。用DMF洗涤2遍。加3倍树脂体积的20%Pip/DMF溶液，鼓氮气30分钟，然后2倍树脂体积的DMF 洗涤5次。得到 H2N-Linker-MBHA Resin 。（此步骤脱除Fmoc基团，茚三酮检测为蓝色，Pip为哌啶）。结构图如下：

3、缩合：取2.55mmol Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-OH 氨基酸，加入到上述树脂里，加适当DMF溶解氨基酸，再依次加入5.09mmol DIPEA，2.42mmol HBTU。反应30分钟后，取小样洗涤，茚三酮检测为无色。用2倍树脂体积的DMF 洗涤3次树脂。（洗涤树脂，去掉残留溶剂，为下一步反应做准备）。得到Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin。氨基酸：DIPEA：HBTU：树脂=3：6：2.85：1（摩尔比）。结构图如下：

4、依次循环步骤二、步骤三，依次得到

H2N-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Asp(OtBu)-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Thr(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Phe-Thr(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Phe-Thr(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-Phe-Thr(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Thr(tBu)-Phe-Thr(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Gly-Thr(tBu)-Phe-Thr(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

H2N-Gly-Thr(tBu)-Phe-Thr(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Thr(tBu)-Phe-Thr(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin

以上中间结构，均可在专肽生物多肽计算器-多肽结构计算器中，一键画出。

最后再经过步骤二得到 H2N-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Thr(tBu)-Phe-Thr(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Val-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Gly-Arg(Pbf)-Linker-MBHA Resin，结构如下：

5、切割：6倍树脂体积的切割液（或每1g树脂加8ml左右的切割液），摇床摇晃 2小时，过滤掉树脂，用冰无水乙醚沉淀滤液，并用冰无水乙醚洗涤沉淀物3次，最后将沉淀物放真空干燥釜中，常温干燥24小试，得到粗品H2N-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-NH2。结构图见产品结构图。

切割液选择：1）TFA：H2O=95%：5%

2）TFA：H2O：TIS=95%：2.5%：2.5%

3）三氟乙酸：茴香硫醚：1，2-乙二硫醇：苯酚：水=87.5%：5%：2.5%：2.5%：2.5%

（前两种适合没有容易氧化的氨基酸，例如Trp、Cys、Met。第三种适合几乎所有的序列。）

6、纯化冻干：使用液相色谱纯化，收集目标峰液体，进行冻干，获得蓬松的粉末状固体多肽。不过这时要取小样复测下纯度 是否目标纯度。

7、最后总结：

杭州专肽生物技术有限公司（ALLPEPTIDE https://www.allpeptide.com）主营定制多肽合成业务，提供各类长肽，短肽，环肽，提供各类修饰肽，如：荧光标记修饰（CY3、CY5、CY5.5、CY7、FAM、FITC、Rhodamine B、TAMRA等），功能基团修饰肽（叠氮、炔基、DBCO、DOTA、NOTA等），同位素标记肽（N15、C13），订书肽（Stapled Peptide）,脂肪酸修饰肽（Pal、Myr、Ste），磷酸化修饰肽（P-Ser、P-Thr、P-Tyr），环肽（酰胺键环肽、一对或者多对二硫键环），生物素标记肽，PEG修饰肽，甲基化修饰肽等。

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